Architecture is the art and the technique of building, employed
to fulfil the practical and expressive requirements of
civilized people. Almost every settled society that possesses the techniques
for building produces architecture. It is necessary in all but the simplest
cultures; without it, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the
elements; with it, he has not only a defence against the natural environment
but also the benefits of a human environment, a prerequisite for and a
symbol of the development of civilized institution.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from
other man-made structures are  (1) the suitability
of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability
of it to particular human activities; (2) the stability and permanence
of the work's construction; and (3) the communication of experience and
ideas through its form.

All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a con­stant,
while the first and the third vary in relative importance according to the
social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a
factory, communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly ex­pressive,
as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some
buildings such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of
equal importance.

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

1. Give the English equivalents.




1. требования
   цивилизованных людей


2. борьба
   со стихией


3. природная
   среда


4. предпосылка
   и символ


5. произведение
   архитектуры


6. стихия


7. в
   соответствии с общественной функцией зданий


8. ратуша


9. здание муниципалитета

2.      These are the types of architecture. Give the examples of each type.
Use the words and word combinations below.

1. Domestic Architecture


2. Religious Architecture


3. Governmental Architecture


4. Recreational Architecture


5. Architecture of Welfare and
   Education


6. Commercial and Industrial
   Architecture

Theatre,
hospitals, guardhouse, capitols, schools, stores, prisons, parliament
buildings, museums, shrines, court houses, villas, circuses, athletic
facilities, factories, huts, banks, exhibition, halls, mines, churches,
hostelries, libraries, apartment houses, markets, publishing houses, mansions,
post – offices, laboratories.

3.      Choose the right adjective.

1. Architecture should fulfill the
   practical and expressive requirements of … people. (primitive / civilized
   /common ).


2. With architecture, man has
   benefits of a/an … environment. (essential /natural /human )


3. Expressive and utilitarian
   functions in Architecture may vary in … importance. (principal / relative
   / expressive ).


4. In a … tomb, the functions is
   chiefly expressive. ( monumental / brick /social ).


5. Utility and communication may
   be of … importance in churches and city halls. (simple / practical /equal
   ).